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MQTT Weather Station: the finished build
ESP32Weather

MQTT weather station for Home Assistant (ESP32 + BME280)

BME280 readings as JSON over MQTT, ready for Home Assistant or Node-RED.

Difficulty
Medium
Build time
1.5 h
Parts cost
₹950 · $11
Verified — core esp32 3.3.12, PubSubClient 2.8, 3 Nov 2026Compile-only
Flash to my boardOpen in Playground

Community draft — report a mistake

Parts list

PartQtyApprox.Buy
ESP32 DevKit V1 (30-pin)1₹380Buy ESP32 DevKit V1 (30-pin)
BME280 temperature/humidity/pressure module (6-pin)1₹300Buy BME280 temperature/humidity/pressure module (6-pin)
5 V USB adapter + cable1₹120Buy 5 V USB adapter + cable
Radiation shield (stacked plastic plates)1₹150Buy Radiation shield (stacked plastic plates)
MQTT broker (Mosquitto on a Raspberry Pi or Home Assistant)1₹0Buy MQTT broker (Mosquitto on a Raspberry Pi or Home Assistant)
Total₹950

Affiliate disclosure: “Buy” links may earn FlashReady a small commission at no extra cost to you. Prices are indicative.

Wiring

ESP32 DevKit V1Only the pins used are shown · 3.3 V logicBME280 breakoutGNDD22D213V3VIN / VCCGNDSCLSDACSB (not connected)SDO (not connected)
Every connection
ESP32 DevKit V1BME280 breakoutWireNotes
D22SCLyellow
D21SDAblue
3V3VIN / VCCred
GNDGNDblack

Board quirks: Keep the BME280 a few centimetres away from the ESP32, on wires. The ESP32 warms up with Wi-Fi on and pushes the temperature up by 1–3 °C if they touch. Flash it from this page and the flasher asks for your Wi-Fi and MQTT host, user and password (they’re stored on the board, not sent to us) — or type them into the constants if you use Arduino IDE. Create a separate MQTT user for the sensor in your broker. Readings are published with the "retain" flag, so a dashboard that starts later still sees the last value straight away.

Code

mqtt-weather-station.inoArduino C++Open in PlaygroundOpen in PlaygroundFlash
// MQTT weather station — ESP32 DevKit V1 + BME280
// BME280 on I2C D21/D22 (3V3). Publishes JSON to an MQTT broker every minute, e.g. for
// Home Assistant or Node-RED. Topic: flashready/<NODE>/weather
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <PubSubClient.h>
#include <Adafruit_BME280.h>
#include "fr_settings.h"

const char* WIFI_SSID = "YOUR_SSID";
const char* WIFI_PASS = "YOUR_PASSWORD";
const char* MQTT_HOST = "192.168.1.20";  // your broker (Mosquitto on a Pi, etc.)
const uint16_t MQTT_PORT = 1883;
const char* MQTT_USER = "YOUR_MQTT_USER";
const char* MQTT_PASS = "YOUR_MQTT_PASSWORD";
const char* NODE = "terrace";
// Filled in from the FlashReady flasher over USB (kept on the board), or type the values above.
FrSetting SETTINGS[] = {
  {"wifi_ssid", &WIFI_SSID, true},
  {"wifi_pass", &WIFI_PASS, true},
  {"mqtt_host", &MQTT_HOST, true},
  {"mqtt_user", &MQTT_USER, false},
  {"mqtt_pass", &MQTT_PASS, false},
};

WiFiClient net;
PubSubClient mqtt(net);
Adafruit_BME280 bme;
unsigned long lastPublish = 0;

void connectMqtt() {
  while (!mqtt.connected()) {
    String id = String("fr-weather-") + NODE;
    String willTopic = String("flashready/") + NODE + "/status";
    if (mqtt.connect(id.c_str(), MQTT_USER, MQTT_PASS, willTopic.c_str(), 0, true, "offline")) {
      mqtt.publish(willTopic.c_str(), "online", true);
      Serial.println("MQTT connected");
    } else {
      Serial.printf("MQTT failed (%d), retrying in 5 s\n", mqtt.state());
      delay(5000);
    }
  }
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  frSettingsBegin(SETTINGS);
  Wire.begin(21, 22);
  if (!bme.begin(0x76) && !bme.begin(0x77)) Serial.println("BME280 not found at 0x76/0x77");
  if (!*WIFI_SSID || !*MQTT_HOST) {
    Serial.println("MQTT off — no Wi-Fi name or broker address set. Flash from flashready.in or type them into the code.");
    for (;;) delay(1000);
  }
  WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASS);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) delay(250);
  mqtt.setServer(MQTT_HOST, MQTT_PORT);
}

void loop() {
  if (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    WiFi.reconnect();
    delay(2000);
    return;
  }
  if (!mqtt.connected()) connectMqtt();
  mqtt.loop();

  if (millis() - lastPublish > 60000 || lastPublish == 0) {
    lastPublish = millis();
    char json[96];
    snprintf(json, sizeof json, "{\"t\":%.1f,\"h\":%.0f,\"p\":%.1f,\"rssi\":%d}", bme.readTemperature(), bme.readHumidity(),
             bme.readPressure() / 100.0f, WiFi.RSSI());
    String topic = String("flashready/") + NODE + "/weather";
    mqtt.publish(topic.c_str(), json, true);
    Serial.println(json);
  }
}

Arduino IDE: keep fr_settings.h in the same folder as the .ino (tab menu → New Tab, same name). Flashing from this page doesn’t need it.

fr_settings.hArduino C++
// fr_settings.h — FlashReady on-board settings (Wi-Fi name, phone number, ...) over USB.
//
// Why: the pre-built file on flashready.in is the same for everyone, so your own settings
// can't be inside it. Instead the board asks for them over USB serial and keeps them in
// its EEPROM. If you use Arduino IDE you can still type them into the constants in the
// sketch — this file then changes nothing except a 2-second pause at start-up.
//
// The protocol, in plain words (one text line each way, ending in \n, at 115200 baud):
//  1. Right after Serial.begin(115200) the board prints
//       FR?SETTINGS v1 keys=wifi_ssid,wifi_pass missing=wifi_pass
//     "missing" lists the required settings that still have no real value.
//  2. If nothing is missing it listens for 2 seconds and then carries on. If something is
//     missing it keeps listening, printing the line again every 2 seconds, for up to
//     30 seconds; then it carries on anyway and the sketch skips whatever needs the
//     missing value (an alarm still sounds, it just can't send the SMS).
//  3. The flasher answers   FR!SET wifi_ssid=My%20Home&wifi_pass=secret
//     (values URL-encoded). The board stores them and answers FR!OK, then carries on with
//     the new values. Errors: FR!ERR unknown <key>, FR!ERR long <key> (nothing is stored).
//     A key that is left out keeps its stored value; "key=" (empty) removes it.
//     "FR!SET" with nothing after it means "carry on now": FR!OK, nothing is stored.
//  4. FR!CLEAR wipes everything that was stored, answers FR!OK and keeps listening.
//  Other lines are ignored.
//
// A stored value wins over the constant in the sketch. A constant that is still a
// placeholder ("YOUR_SSID", "your-wifi", "+91XXXXXXXXXX") or empty counts as not set.
//
// EEPROM block at FR_SETTINGS_ADDR: 'F' 'R' 0x01, length (uint16, low byte first), then
// "key=value\n" lines. Uses FR_SETTINGS_SIZE bytes; move FR_SETTINGS_ADDR with a #define
// before the #include if your sketch uses EEPROM for something else.
//
// Use in a sketch:
//   const char* WIFI_SSID = "YOUR_SSID";
//   FrSetting SETTINGS[] = { {"wifi_ssid", &WIFI_SSID, true} };   // key, constant, required
//   void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); frSettingsBegin(SETTINGS); ... WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, ...); }
// After frSettingsBegin() each constant points at the value to use ("" if none is set).
#pragma once
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <EEPROM.h>
#include <string.h>

#ifndef FR_SETTINGS_ADDR
#define FR_SETTINGS_ADDR 0
#endif
#ifndef FR_SETTINGS_SIZE
#if defined(__AVR__)
#define FR_SETTINGS_SIZE 96  // 2 KB of RAM on an Uno: a phone number fits easily
#else
#define FR_SETTINGS_SIZE 512
#endif
#endif
#ifndef FR_LINE_MAX
#if defined(__AVR__)
#define FR_LINE_MAX 128
#else
#define FR_LINE_MAX 1024
#endif
#endif
#define FR_MAX_KEYS 8
#define FR_WAIT_MAX_MS 30000UL  // never wait longer than this for missing settings
#define FR_DATA_MAX (FR_SETTINGS_SIZE - 5)

struct FrSetting {
  const char* key;     // [a-z0-9_], as in settings.json
  const char** value;  // the sketch's constant; replaced by the value to use
  bool required;
};

// Stored settings in RAM as "key=value\0key=value\0" (only non-empty values).
static char frData[FR_DATA_MAX + 1];
static uint16_t frLen = 0;

static inline void frEepromBegin() {
#if defined(ESP32) || defined(ESP8266)
  static bool started = false;
  if (!started) EEPROM.begin(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + FR_SETTINGS_SIZE);
  started = true;
#endif
}

static inline void frLoad() {
  frEepromBegin();
  frLen = 0;
  frData[0] = 0;
  if (EEPROM.read(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR) != 'F' || EEPROM.read(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 1) != 'R' || EEPROM.read(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 2) != 1) return;
  uint16_t n = EEPROM.read(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 3) | (EEPROM.read(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 4) << 8);
  if (n > FR_DATA_MAX) return;
  for (uint16_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    char c = EEPROM.read(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 5 + i);
    frData[i] = c == '\n' ? '\0' : c;
  }
  frData[n] = 0;
  frLen = n;
}

static inline void frPut(int addr, uint8_t b) {
#if defined(__AVR__)
  EEPROM.update(addr, b);
#else
  EEPROM.write(addr, b);
#endif
}

static inline void frSave() {
  frEepromBegin();
  frPut(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR, 'F');
  frPut(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 1, 'R');
  frPut(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 2, 1);
  frPut(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 3, frLen & 0xFF);
  frPut(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 4, frLen >> 8);
  for (uint16_t i = 0; i < frLen; i++) frPut(FR_SETTINGS_ADDR + 5 + i, frData[i] ? frData[i] : '\n');
#if defined(ESP32) || defined(ESP8266)
  EEPROM.commit();
#endif
}

// The stored value for key, or nullptr.
static inline const char* frStored(const char* key) {
  size_t kl = strlen(key);
  for (uint16_t i = 0; i < frLen; i += strlen(frData + i) + 1) {
    if (strncmp(frData + i, key, kl) == 0 && frData[i + kl] == '=') return frData + i + kl + 1;
  }
  return nullptr;
}

// Empty, "your_…" / "YOUR-…" / "your …", or a "+91XXXX…" phone number.
static inline bool frIsPlaceholder(const char* v) {
  if (!v || !*v) return true;
  if (strncasecmp(v, "your", 4) == 0 && (v[4] == '_' || v[4] == '-' || v[4] == ' ')) return true;
  return v[0] == '+' && strstr(v, "XXXX") != nullptr;
}

// The stored value for key, else the fallback constant; "" if that is a placeholder.
static inline const char* frSettingsGet(const char* key, const char* fallback) {
  const char* v = frStored(key);
  if (!v) v = fallback;
  return frIsPlaceholder(v) ? "" : v;
}

static inline bool frIsMissing(const FrSetting& s) {
  return s.required && !*frSettingsGet(s.key, *s.value);
}

static inline void frRequest(FrSetting* s, uint8_t n) {
  Serial.print(F("FR?SETTINGS v1 keys="));
  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (i) Serial.print(',');
    Serial.print(s[i].key);
  }
  Serial.print(F(" missing="));
  bool first = true;
  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (!frIsMissing(s[i])) continue;
    if (!first) Serial.print(',');
    Serial.print(s[i].key);
    first = false;
  }
  Serial.print('\n');
}

static inline void frReply(const __FlashStringHelper* what, const char* key) {
  Serial.print(what);
  Serial.print(key);
  Serial.print('\n');
}

static inline int8_t frHex(char c) {
  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') return c - '0';
  c |= 0x20;
  return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') ? c - 'a' + 10 : -1;
}

// Percent-decodes in place. Drops NUL, CR and LF: they can't be stored.
static inline void frDecode(char* s) {
  char* o = s;
  for (; *s; s++) {
    char c = *s;
    if (c == '%' && frHex(s[1]) >= 0 && frHex(s[2]) >= 0) {
      c = (char)(frHex(s[1]) << 4 | frHex(s[2]));
      s += 2;
    }
    if (c != '\0' && c != '\n' && c != '\r') *o++ = c;
  }
  *o = 0;
}

// "k1=v1&k2=v2" (cut short if the line overflowed). Saves and returns true, or replies with an error.
static inline bool frSet(FrSetting* s, uint8_t n, char* p, bool overflow) {
  const char* upd[FR_MAX_KEYS] = {};
  while (*p) {
    char* amp = strchr(p, '&');
    bool last = !amp;
    if (amp) *amp = 0;
    char* eq = strchr(p, '=');
    if (eq) *eq = 0;
    if (*p) {
      if (last && overflow) {
        frReply(F("FR!ERR long "), p);
        return false;
      }
      uint8_t i = 0;
      while (i < n && strcmp(s[i].key, p) != 0) i++;
      if (i == n) {
        frReply(F("FR!ERR unknown "), p);
        return false;
      }
      char* v = eq ? eq + 1 : p + strlen(p);  // "key" alone = "key="
      frDecode(v);
      upd[i] = v;
    }
    if (last) break;
    p = amp + 1;
  }
  // Build the new block: for each key, the new value or the one already stored.
  char next[FR_DATA_MAX + 1];
  uint16_t len = 0;
  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    const char* v = upd[i] ? upd[i] : frStored(s[i].key);
    if (!v || !*v) continue;
    size_t kl = strlen(s[i].key), vl = strlen(v);
    if (len + kl + vl + 2 > FR_DATA_MAX) {
      frReply(F("FR!ERR long "), s[i].key);
      return false;
    }
    memcpy(next + len, s[i].key, kl);
    next[len + kl] = '=';
    memcpy(next + len + kl + 1, v, vl + 1);
    len += kl + vl + 2;
  }
  memcpy(frData, next, len);
  frData[len] = 0;
  frLen = len;
  frSave();
  return true;
}

// Handles one received line. Returns true once settings were saved (boot carries on).
static inline bool frCommand(FrSetting* s, uint8_t n, char* line, bool overflow) {
  if (strcmp(line, "FR!CLEAR") == 0) {
    frLen = 0;
    frData[0] = 0;
    frSave();
    Serial.print(F("FR!OK\n"));
    return false;
  }
  if (strncmp(line, "FR!SET", 6) != 0 || (line[6] != ' ' && line[6] != 0)) return false;  // not for us
  char* p = line + 6;
  while (*p == ' ') p++;
  if (*p && !frSet(s, n, p, overflow)) return false;  // empty FR!SET = carry on, store nothing
  Serial.print(F("FR!OK\n"));
  return true;
}

// Call right after Serial.begin(115200). Prints the request, waits as described at the top
// (30 s at most), then points every constant in the list at the value to use ("" = not set).
static inline void frSettingsBegin(FrSetting* s, uint8_t n) {
  frLoad();
  char line[FR_LINE_MAX];
  uint16_t len = 0;
  bool overflow = false;
  frRequest(s, n);
  unsigned long start = millis(), quietSince = start;
  while (millis() - start < FR_WAIT_MAX_MS) {
    int c = Serial.read();
    if (c >= 0) {
      quietSince = millis();
      if (c == '\r') continue;
      if (c != '\n') {
        if (len < FR_LINE_MAX - 1) line[len++] = (char)c;
        else overflow = true;
        continue;
      }
      line[len] = 0;
      bool saved = frCommand(s, n, line, overflow);
      len = 0;
      overflow = false;
      if (saved) break;
      continue;
    }
    if (millis() - quietSince < 2000) {
      delay(1);  // also keeps the ESP8266 watchdog fed
      continue;
    }
    len = 0;  // drop half a line
    overflow = false;
    bool missing = false;
    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < n; i++) missing |= frIsMissing(s[i]);
    if (!missing) break;
    frRequest(s, n);
    quietSince = millis();
  }
  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < n; i++) *s[i].value = frSettingsGet(s[i].key, *s[i].value);
}

template <size_t N>
static inline void frSettingsBegin(FrSetting (&s)[N]) {
  static_assert(N <= FR_MAX_KEYS, "fr_settings.h: at most FR_MAX_KEYS settings");
  frSettingsBegin(s, (uint8_t)N);
}

Compiled for esp32 on esp32 3.3.12 with PubSubClient 2.8 · 3 Nov 2026

How it works

If you already run Home Assistant, Node-RED or a Mosquitto broker on a Raspberry Pi, this is the simplest way to add a real weather sensor. An ESP32 reads a BME280 and publishes the readings as JSON over MQTT once a minute.

The BME280 sits on I2C (D21/D22) and measures temperature, humidity and pressure in one tiny chip. The sketch publishes to flashready/<NODE>/weather — for example flashready/terrace/weather — with a payload like {"t":29.4,"h":71,"p":1004.8,"rssi":-63}. Including the Wi-Fi signal makes it easy to spot a sensor about to drop off the network.

On connecting, the ESP32 registers a last will: if it loses power or Wi-Fi, the broker publishes offline on flashready/<NODE>/status on its behalf. Your dashboard can show a stale sensor instead of silently displaying old numbers.

If Wi-Fi or the broker drops, the sketch reconnects by itself, so it can run untouched for months in a radiation shield on the terrace.

Troubleshooting

"MQTT failed (-2)"

−2 means the ESP32 couldn’t reach the broker. Check MQTT_HOST is the broker’s IP on your network and that port 1883 is open.

"MQTT failed (5)"

5 means not authorised. The user name or password is wrong, or the broker doesn’t allow that user.

Humidity always reads 0 %

Your board is a BMP280 (no humidity). It looks almost the same as a BME280 — check the chip marking.

Upgrades

  • Publish Home Assistant MQTT discovery messages so the sensors appear automatically.
  • Add a rain sensor and light sensor to the same JSON.
  • Use deep sleep and a battery for a wire-free outdoor station.

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